As remembered by a Reader of The Economist «it would be more appropriate to compare Mr Trump to another Roman leader, Marcus Licinius Crassus.»
For those who don't know or have forgotten, as Crassus left Rome for his campaign in 55 BC, a tribune named Ateius Capito staged a ritual, burning incense and pronouncing dreadful curses upon Crassus for launching an unprovoked war. When his army crossed the Euphrates River into enemy territory, a sudden thunderstorm ripped through the camp, destroying boats and blowing away the military standards. Crassus dismissed it and refused the advice of the King of Armenia, who urged him to take a mountainous route where the enemy cavalry would be useless. Instead, Crassus trusted an Arab guide who was secretly a double agent for the Parthians, leading the Romans directly into the open desert.
The Parthians deployed thousands of horse archers. Crassus ordered his men into a tight defensive square (the testudo), expecting the enemy to run out of arrows. Surena had anticipated this. He brought a vanguard of 1,000 baggage camels loaded with millions of extra arrows. The Parthian archers continuously reloaded, maintaining an unstoppable, hours-long hail of arrows that pierced Roman shields and hands.
Crassus's son, Publius, was killed in a desperate counter-charge. Utterly demoralized and surrounded, the Roman lines collapsed. Crassus was killed during botched peace negotiations after the battle. Around 20,000 Roman soldiers died, and 10,000 were captured. According to a famous legend recorded by the historian Dio Cassius, the Parthians poured molten gold down Crassus's throat after his death as a symbol of his insatiable avarice.
Rome viewed eastern nations as "barbaric" and naturally inferior. To have over 30,000 Roman citizens slaughtered or captured by the Parthian Empire shattered their national pride. The defeat triggered a deep-seated public fear in Rome that the Parthians would launch a counter-invasion of Syria or the wider Roman East. Crassus had been the financial and political buffer between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great. The loss of his army collapsed the First Triumvirate, removing the final obstacle to the civil war that destroyed the Roman Republic.
Karl Marx observes in his 1852 essay, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, that significant historical events and figures occur twice: the first time as grand, genuine struggles (tragedy), and the second time as empty, ridiculous caricatures of the original (farce).
[Story told with the help of Gemini]